| Notas |
- Philippe Henriquez (Jacob Senior):
Commanded brigantines through the trade lanes of the Spanish Main as a factor for the States General of the United Netherlands, the King of England, and the Royal African Company of Portugal.
On May 22, 1699 he set sail in command of a fleet of ships ferrying merchandise and slaves from Curacao to Don Gaspar de Andrade, factor general of the Portuguese assiento based in Cartagena.
This was also the set of the Holy Tribunal of the Inquisition in the Spanish dependencies. On June 10, 1699 he reached port hoping to recover heavy debts from the King of Spain incurred by his company by the former governor. They transferred the goods and slaves to Portuguese vessels, but Jacob waited for permission to land from the lord inquisitor. On June 15th a canoe with twelve soldiers boarded and asked for Captain Philippo Henriques. Jacob in disguise said that the captain was in town and asked what they wanted. They insisted on speaking directly to the captain and returned to their canoe. Shortly after wards, Jacob reappeared in Captains uniform and asked what they wanted. They said he was under arrest and was to be brought to the prison of the Holy Inquisition.
In Jacob's August 21, 1700 report to the West India Company, he described his seventy three day imprisonment (the report is stored at the Hague Royal Library as Hamelberg Collection no. 120-B-10:XVI-E).
For the first 2 months he was not told the nature of his crimes while he suffered fever and daily audiences with the inquisitor, Don Juan de la Isaca Alvarado. Jacob pointed out the he was a Jew, born in the Netherlands, who served his country, the State General of the United Netherlands. And in the last war with France, he had served as a captain under the command of the former stadholder, now King of Great Britain. He continuously asked to be told the nature of his crimes and to confront his accusers. Jacob was put in the care of an Augustin padre, Fray Lucas de St. Joseph, who tried to convert him so as to save his soul. Concerned with his illness, he obtained a doctor known to Jacob, although not much could be done. Among other things, Jacob worried about the fate of his commander less crew and fleet and his financial obligations.
Not until August 13th was he confronted by his accuser, the former secretary and acting fiscal of the Inquisition, Captain General Don Miguel de Icharri y Daois, the man who originally captured Jacob. Jacob was accused of: (1) Trafficking in the West Indies in a trade where no Jews were allowed on order of the King of Spain; (2) Doing this, knowing the rules against it; (3) Publicly slaughtering and koshering animals; (4) Forcing the crew and passengers to eat meat that had been slaughtered; (5) trying to convert his crew and passengers to Judaism by leading them in Hebrew prayers. He responded by saying (1) For 11 or 12 years he had been navigating these waters on behalf of the Portuguese sovereign; (2) He never knew the assiento was restricted to Roman Catholics; (3) He would never slaughter animals even if permitted, because he would have it done by someone who knew the koshering laws; (4) As commander of the vessel, which was more like a home to him, he would not dishonor anyone aboard with the indignity of making them eat, or behave in any other manner by force; (5) It would be difficult for the crew and passengers to convert if they couldn't understand Hebrew prayers.
His judge was the inquisitor who had interrogated him all summer. His lawyer was the Spanish padre who had looked after him. On August 27, 1700 the record of the trial and judgment were presented to him, which he signed after which he was fined 50 pieces of eight and warned not to sail in the area or risk a fine of 2,000 pieces of eight and imprisonment for 2 years. On August
28th Jacob received from the inquisitional secretary his papers and a bill for the fine, plus 335 pieces of eight, being the cost of food and shelter during his imprisonment. Jacob continued sailing the Spanish main for Portugal, England and his own country, the Netherlands until 1711. He is buried in Curacao, although there is a commemorative stone in Ouderkerk. (American Jewish Archives vol. XLIV Spring/Summer, 92 Number 1, Pages 81 & 85)
Henriquez died a Catholic in 1718 in Havana whereupon his membership in the Santa Companhia de Dotar Orfas passed on to his brother David Senior.
- Extracto de africamaat.com:
Parmi les autres coréligionnaires engagés dans la traite négrière figurent Manuel de Pina (Jahacob Naar), Manuel Alvares Correa et surtout Philippe Henriquez et son frère David Senior.
Philippe Henriquez (Jacob Senior), né à Amsterdam vers 1660, fut le seul juif à recevoir une concession de l´Amirauté de Hollande.
Elle l´autorisa à se rendre en Afrique et à transporter à Curaçao des captifs sur son navire "De Vrijheid" [2] Il avait mis vingt-mille florins pour garantir cette entreprise en 1692. Il débarqua à Curaçao en 1699 avec ses frères David, Salomon et Isaac.
Ses parents et lui devinrent les favoris des Directeurs successifs, Jan Doncker en 1692-1696, Jeremias van Collen en 1710. Il occupa le poste de directeur de l´asiento de Curaçao pour la Royal African Company qui était la plus puissante entreprise de traite négrière. Avec l´aide de son frère David Senior et de son associé Johan Goeduriend, il envoyait des nègres captifs dans plusieurs territoires des Caraïbes et particulièrement à Cartagena où résidait le Directeur général de la Royal African Company. Quant à Henriquez, il obtint du Directeur l´autorisation, le 30 janvier 1701, d´envoyer un bateau de Curaçao prendre des captifs en Afrique.
Dans son rapport, le directeur signala 205 morts au retour sur les 664 Africains embarqués. A leur arrivée à Curaçao, ces captifs passaient devant une commission qui les examinait et les répartissait pour les vendre selon leur âge et leurs possibilités physiques. Jacob Calvo d´Andrade fit partie d´une de ces commissions de 1701 à sa mort en 1705. Les rapports de la W.LC. et des juifs concernant la traite négrière se resserrèrent de 1686 à 1710. Après cette période, la traite négrière déclina régulièrement.
La Compagnie que représentait Philippe Henriquez arrêta ses opérations commerciales vers 1722, peu après sa mort en 1718.
- De "The Jews and the expansion of Europe to the West, 1450-1800", extracto:
Jews in Suriname and Curacao
The Adventures of Phelipe Henriquez
One of Curaçao's Jewish merchants involved in the Tucacas trade was Jacob Senior (ca. 1660-1718), who adopted his grandfather's name Phelipe Henriquez when he took up trade. He came from a family of New Christians that had fled Portugal in the 1590s. Felipe Henriques (1589- 1656), alias Juda Senior, became a merchant in Amsterdam, and
traded with several places in the Mediterranean. He left a son Mordechay who served Johan Maurits van Nassau-Siegen, the governor of Dutch Brazil. Johan Maurits created a favorable social climate that attracted numerous Amsterdam Sephardim. Mordechay's son Phelipe was born around 1660 in Amsterdam. At the age of twenty-five, he arrived in Curaçao with three of his brothers and built up a merchant
fleet. Another brother stayed behind in Amsterdam to secure freight for the outgoing ships. At Curaçao, Henriquez established relationships with traders in numerous Spanish colonies and went on to become a successful merchant and ship's captain.
In general, it was difficult for Jews to profess their faith on board the trading vessels among a majority of gentiles: Protestant Dutchmen, Germans, and Scandinavians, as well as Roman Catholic slaves and free blacks. There are, however, some references in the archives to Jews who made no secret of their conviction. Manuel Alvares Correa, for instance, a merchant on a sloop that was seized in 1746 near Caracas by English ship, At the subsequent trial in Newport, Rhode Island, he swore an oath on the Pentateuch. Phelipe Henriquez was also open about his Judaism. He claimed he led his crew in Christian prayer in the morning and in the evening, and thereafter had a quiet read in a Hebrew prayer book. When his business took him to Río de la Hacha, he observed the "Law of Moses" so unabashedly that the local pastor was scandalzed an lodged a complaint in Cartagena de Indias.
Before long, Henriquez landed in the dungeons of the
Inquisition in Cartagena. The official reason given was his trade in arms and amunition. However, in a report he wrote after his release, Henriquez relate that he was accused of slaughtering chickens in a ritual Jewish manner in Santa Marta on the coast of present-day Colombia. During an interrogation, he denied this allegation by saying that he was not qualified to that function, and that local Jews had done it in his stead.
His captivity ended after only ten weeks when his freedom
bought by the director of the Portuguese Cacheu Company, wich posessed the asiento, the monopoly to supply Spanish America with slaves; Henriquez had served this company as the Curaçao factor. A few years later, he was appointed the agent of a French company that had acquired the asiento. Such international contacts led to his involvement in diplomacy. During the War of the Spanish Succession, he was in the service the camp of Archduke Charles, the candidate for the vacant Spanish crown who was supported by an alliance of Great Britain, the Republic, Austria, and Brandenburg- Prussia. The candidate favoredt by Spain and France, on the other hand, was the grandson of Louis XIV, later Philip V. The Jews of Amsterdam and Curaçao backed the archduke, fearing that Philip's victory would lead to a pronounced French predominance in the trade with Spanish America.
Charles deployed ambassadors in all quarters of the world to plead his case. One of them was the Italian count de Antería, Charles's ambassador to northern Spanish America, who used Curaçao as an operational base in his attempts to win the people of Venezuela over to the archduke. Antería availed himself of the vessels of Phelipe Henriquez and his excellent contacts with the Venezuelans. As a reward for this help, Phelipe was promised the governorship of Venezuela. Shortly after the outbreak of the war, Phelipe made his way to The Hague, presumably for high-level
deliberations that must have also involved Phelipe's brother-in-law, who acted as Charles's consul in Amsterdam. Unfortunately for them, the archduke lost the war.
Phelipe was among Curaçao's men of property. Other Jews in
Curaçao could hardly get by on their monthly wages. Yet to all, Curaçao was a safe haven, a place to live their lives in freedom. The departure of many Jews in the early nineteenth century was not the result of any change in the Dutch policy. The commercial prosperity of Curaçao, rather, had come to an end after the French invasion of the Dutch Republic in 1795. Shipping traffic with Amsterdam and Zeeland was frequently interrupted, and the British occupations of 1800 -03 and 1807-16 were very prejudicial. The high taxes that were levied prompted the Jews to leave the island. Some came back in later years, but they would never see the return of the olden age of Curaçao.
Conclusion
Their conquests of Curaçao and Suriname left the Dutch in the seventeenth century with dissimilar Caribbean endowments. While Suriname's climate lent itself to the production of tropical crops, Curaçao's excellent natural port was conveniently located to conduct trade with the Spanish Main. Neither place, however, was a land of plenty, and only through perseverance could the potential of each be realized. In this respect, the agricultural and conlnlercìal activities of Jewish colonists proved to be indispensable. The Jews prospered in the tolerant social climate that prevailed under the umbrella of the Dutch colonial governments. Despite occasional tensions with the gentiles, they came to form one-third of the white population In both Suriname and Curaçao. This strong presence was truly unique in the history of the European expansion.
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1663 - 1718 (55 años)
Mordochay de Jeudah Senior y Pimentel, n. 12 Jul 1620, Amsterdam, North Holland, Paises Bajos 
